Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Essay Example for Free

Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Essay A common Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory experiment that has great potential for further research is the acid catalyzed dehydration of simple alcohols. The classic dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol experiment that was introduced in Journal of Chemical Education in 1967 Taber(1967)JCE:44,p620. The rather simple procedure of distilling an alcohol with an aqueous acid has spawned several investigations that have resulted in formal journal articles. At the same time, the experiment has retained its popularity in the Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory curriculum. In one line of inquiry it has been observed that a mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol diastereomers gives rise to a mixture of three isomeric alkenes Todd(1994)JCE:71,p440; Feigenbaum(1987) JCE:64, p273; Cawley (1997) JCE:74l, p102. Explaining the presence of the three alkene products requires an intense synthesis of information communicated in a typical SOC textbook. The continued popularity of this experiment is corroborated by the observation that Googling the phrase â€Å"Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol† on January 13th, 2008 returned no less than 20 hits for online student handouts and/or guides for this SOC laboratory experiment. Moreover, this experiment provides fertile ground for experimentation and innovation that has not yet been fully explored. At Dominican University, the SOC students performed this experiment during the Fall 2007 semester with not only the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 153087) but also the 4-methyl (Aldrich 153095) and 3-methyl (Aldrich 139734) positional isomers. The reaction products were submitted to GC-FID analysis. As predicted from the Journal of Chemical Education articles, three methylcyclohexene products were observed. Their relative abundance measured by peak height was 80, 16, and 4%. The alkene products represented by these peaks apparently correspond to 1-methycyclehexene, 3-methycyclehexene, and methylenecyclohexane respectively. [pic] The dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol produce two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 90 and 10% with retention times that match 3-methycyclehexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. My current theory is that the retention times 3 and 4-methycyclohexene could not be distinguished with GC column and temperature program. However, there is still the issue of how 1-methycyclehexene is produced from 4-methylcyclohexanol. [pic] The dehydration of 3-methylcyclohexanol yields two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 80 and 20% with retention times that match 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. [pic] Samples of 1-methyl and 3-methyl cyclohexenes purchased from Aldrich chemical confirmed two of compound assignments for the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. Obviously, it remains to separate the 3 and 4-methylcyclohexene by GC. There are several advantages of studying the dehydration of methylcyclohexanols in the first semester of Organic Chemistry: 1) The experiment involves reactions that are typically studied during first semester: E1, E2, and the 1,2-hydride shift. It is a time-tested protocol that has been run in hundreds of labs by thousands of students. 2) Analysis of the experiment involves the understanding of all three mechanisms mentioned previously and how they may compete with each other. In other words, it is a simple experiment that demands a rather involved interpretation of results. 3) It shows that textbooks â€Å"rules† such as the Zaitzev’s rule in this case, are not necessarily rules as such, but rather astute observations of general trends that can vary experimentally depending on the reactant and the reaction conditions. 4) Analytically, we are observing/measuring the presence of 3 known methylcyclohexene and methylenecyclohexane products that can be separated and detected by Gas Chromatography. I believe that the product mixtures can also be analyzed by NMR. 5) The reaction lends itself to an inquiry format that involves the study different reactants and reaction conditions on the ratio of products. In fact, this experiment, in my opinion, is an ideal candidate for a multi-institution collaborative study that combines and interprets student data. want to pursue point #5 further by first grappling with the current literature concerning the â€Å"Evelyn Effect.† The JCE article by David Todd, â€Å"The Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Revisited: The Evelyn Effect† observes a kinetic effect that can be explained by proposing that in a mixture of cis/trans 2-Methylcyclohexanol the cis isomer reacts much faster than the trans isomer to give predominately 1-methylcyclohexene. The formation of 1-methylcyclohexene from cis-2-methylcyclohexanol would involve an â€Å"E2-like† anti-elimination of proton and the protonated alcohol. The dehydration of the trans isomer would go through a E1 mechanism that requires the formation of a carbocation before elimination of a proton. A follow-up study by Cawley and Linder: â€Å"The Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of an Isomeric 2-Methylcyclohexanol Mixture† involves a detailed kinetic study. Students began with a 36.6/63.4 cis/trans mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol with a cyclohexanol impurity (% impurity was not reported). They performed thy typical reaction+distillation and collected fractions at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 28 minutes. They also collected a 0.1 mL volume of the sample of the reaction mixture at each of these time intervals. These fractions were analyzed by 1H NMR and GC for composition. The cis/trans rate constants for the dehydration of reaction were determined to be 8.4/1.0 – much less than 30/1 ratio reported in 1931 by Vavon and Barbier. An intriguing study! It would be very interesting to have the raw (student) data on this one. Very little is said about the product ratios in the distillate fractions, they just report that they obtained 2.1% methylenecyclohexane and not the 4% previously reported. The dehydration of methylcyclohexanols provides a fecund problem to explore. The key is to develop methods to determine the distribution of alkene products in terms of % total alkenes. There are four possible positional isomers: I. methylenecyclohexane (Aldrich, Acros, 1192-37-6); II. racemic 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Acros, 591-48-0); III. 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-49-1) IV. racemic 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-47-9). Two of the alkene positional isomers contain an asymmetric carbon. The obvious place to start is by studying how the alcohol structure affects the product distribution of alkenes. There are 5 positional isomers of methylcyclohexanol: I. cyclohexanemethanol (Aldrich 100-49-2); II. 1-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 590-67-0); III. racemic cistrans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 583-59-5) IV. racemic cistrans 3-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 591-23-1) V. cistrans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 589-91-3). Three of the alcohols are present in cis and trans diastereomer pairs: cis 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-70-1) trans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-52-9) cis 3-methylcyclohexanol (5454-79-5) trans 3-methylcyclohexanol (7443-55-2) cis 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4) trans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4). In addition there are 4 entaniomer pairs among the alcohol starting materials. Most of them are commercially available, for a price. [pic] Besides the structure of the alcohol, what other variables may be explored? 1) One variable for this reaction that could be investigated is the nature of the catalytic acid. Aqueous acids, such as the 85% H3PO4 typically used for this experiment, contain some water which is also product of the reaction. I may also add that, the amount of acid is not always in catalytic proportion to the substrate. In my current protocol 0.075 moles of acid is used to dehydrate 0.2 moles of alcohol. Non-aqueous acids may give different results. Acidic resins are an interesting substitute for aqueous acids. For example, John Ludeman and Kurt Field of Bradley University presented a poster at the 2006 ACS Great Lakes Regional Meeting on the use of Dowex 50WX2-100, Amberlite IRC-50S, and Amberlyst 15, for the dehydration of alcohols. 2) Another variable would be the reaction conditions. In the current paradigm, the alkene is distilled away from the reaction mixture. Presumably, it is being distilled away as it is formed. An ad-hoc observation is that students seem to get somewhat different product ratios if they distill is carefully or if they â€Å"crank up the heat† and distill it quicker. What if the reaction mixture was refluxed to equilibrium before distillation? Would we see more thermodynamic products? 3) Reaction conditions could be changed in other ways too. Microwave irradiation is currently being explored as an alternative to heating reactions. Possibly, sonication could also be performed on the alcohol. 4) Another avenue to explore may be different strategies to push the reaction towards the products other than distilling off the alkene. For example, removing water with molecular sieves may be tried. The last installment of this series will explore the logistics of â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† as a collaborative experiments. The most straightforward collaboration would be to perform the â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† experiment in the same way and compare the relative yield of alkenes as measured by GC from different starting alcohols. Comparisons could be made with past data or concurrently collected data from different institutions. This may be seem fairly straightforward, but there will most likely be discrepancies that could will need to be explored. One aspect to make note of would be the source and composition of the methylcyclohexanols used a starting materials. Sigma-Aldrich has †¢ 1-methylcyclohexanol #M38214; †¢ 2-methylcyclohexanol #66320, #215295, #178829, #24113, #153087, †¢ 3-methylcyclohexanol #139734; †¢ 4-methylcyclohexanol #66360, #104183, #104191, #153095; †¢ as well as just plain methylcyclohexanol #66370. An experimental variable that is hard to control is rate of heating. Students who crank up the hot plate to get done quickly (even though they were told not to) may get different results than those students who go slowly and maintain an even temperature. Different GC columns and methods may also give results that need to be corroborated.

College or Univeristy Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commence

I’ve spent weeks trying to think of what it is I’d like to share with you on this special morning†¦ what words of wisdom I could possibly impart, what bits of knowledge I have obtained during these past five years that I could share. And after careful deliberation and consideration, I came to the conclusion that I have absolutely nothing to say. I’ve asked several people, "So, like, if you were listening to a speech, and, like, you wanted to enjoy it†¦ what would you want to hear?" And these several people all had the same reply, "Don’t be boring." So, that was a really big help. I refuse to start out with some sort of typical, "My fellow graduates†¦" introduction, and I’ll be gosh-darned if I start with a quote, like, "As Shakespeare once said†¦".. Basically, I realized that I’m walking away with a degree in Physics, and I cannot compose a simple graduation speech. Someone needs to explain to me how I can complete five years of college and leave here incapable of delivering a simple speech. I’m a little bitter. The problem is that I’m not sure whether the lessons I’ve learned are the types of things you talk about in a speech like this. Most of the graduation speeches I’ve heard seem to be along the lines of, "You are the future! You are the promise of tomorrow! Dream and you will succeed!" And that’s really great; those are nice things to hear. But I can honestly say that I have never reached a difficult moment in my life and then thought, "I didn’t know what to do, but then I remembered something my graduation speaker once said, and everything fell into place!" So, I’m not here to give advice, and I’m not here to impart words of wisdom, and I’m not here to inspire you to succeed. I would just like to wish you all the good and... ...ied to. Waking up five minutes before the alarm is supposed to go off. Missing your flight. Spilling your drink. Breaking a dish. Arguments over stupid things. Sunburns. Saying goodbye†¦ You may never be a CEO. You may never win an Oscar. You may never sing at the Met. You may never get married and have a family. But this is your story. That’s it. One shot. Feel it all. I don’t have the faintest idea what’s going to happen, and I think it’s great. I’ve spent five years trying to figure out what I should be doing the moment this ceremony is over, and I still don’t have an answer. And that’s okay. In fact, it’s perfect. If we knew life’s outcome, what would be the point of going through it? It’s a story, and it’s yours, and whatever happens just make sure you feel your life. One shot. My fellow graduates, as Shakespeare once said, "The readiness is all."

Jim Morrison by Kelly Larson Essay

Jim Morrison by Kelly Larson 1943-1971 There are many figures in music that make them a household name, Jim Douglas Morrison, the lead singer of The Doors a popular rock group in the late 60’s who died at a very young age, has made him just this. Jim Morrison was in the only extremely progressive rock bands of that time, experimenting with synthesizers, and new ways to play the otherwise boring guitar; this band the doors was truly something else. Many people thought that Jim was a genius others thought he was a fool. He had very public arrest and court trail about exposing himself to a crowd in 1969 raised increasing questions about his actual death in 1971. Jim Morrison set new ways to write music and poems for the new avant-garde generation that would follow in the years to come. He would inspire some of the most successful musicians many years after his death. In death Jim was perceived more than just a rock star he was now a legend. Jim Douglas Morrison was born on December 8th, 1943 in Melbourne Florida, what is now cape Kennedy naval base. Jims father Steve Morrison was from Florida; in high school he was a gymnast and a cheerleader. He entered the Second World War but never actually fought. He met Jims mother Clara in Honolulu Hawaii in 1941, at a naval dance. Clara was Steves opposite; he was conservative she was liberal. Soon after they met they married in that same year. After they were married Steve was taught how to fly, he would regularly fly over the pacific. In 1943 Jim was born in one of many naval bases were he and Clara stayed. After the war ended he returned home to Clearwater Florida, to live nearby his parents and Jim grandparents who were extremely republican and average churchgoers. Lifestyle for Jims early life was hectic they moved frequently a typical military lifestyle; over the point of five years after Jim was born the Morrisions had two more children besides Jim. Although Jim always said his parents and siblings were dead in many interviews they were very much alive at that time. They lived in Washington D.C, and Florida to California. When Jim was five years old he was in a car traveling along with relatives along the highway near Albuquerque and Santa Fe, Jim had a life changing experience. Jim grandmother Caroline said â€Å"We came upon an accident Indians were wailing And crying. Later we thought it was very unusual Because we  thought Indians didn’t cry. We thought They were more stoic than that. Jimmy was very Much affected he wanted to do something. We Stopped lance (her husband), jimmy wanted To do more. He was upset, his father finally Had to say, jimmy you dreamed it didn’t happen. It’s not true; you just had a bad dream. Source 1-P.34 Jim said when they stopped the car dying Indians became reincarnated into his young body. This would forever change Jim Morrison life. He began to take up writing and art when he was seven. Then when he entered junior high he was exposed to new films that blew his mind. Then in 1957, in Alameda California Jim started high school He excelled in writing and art not a surprise to people who knew him. Many teachers noticed how bright Jim was beyond his years. Jim read everything he could get his hands on. Halfway between his sophomore year the Morrisons moved to Alexandria, Virginia. Jim enrolled in George Washington high school; a segrated upper middle class school. Jim began pulling himself into cartooning and writing. He had a girlfriend named Tandy that year, who lived houses three houses down who was extremely tormented by him, but it kept on her toes and it made her like him. He would say things to shock and embarrass her. Jim had his own room in the basement; he painted, self-portraits, and impressionistic paintings. He filled up notebooks with poems and songs, some songs that were later used with his work with The Doors a band he would later be the singer in. Jim took a IQ test in high school were he scored a 149, but he got b’s in high school because he didn’t care about his grades. Shortly after he graduated from high school Jim broke up with Tammy, and he packed up and enrolled in St Petersburg junior in Clearwater Florida living with his grandparents. When college started Jim began to get severely into alcohol. After one year, passing all of his classes he decided to enroll to Florida State to pursue majoring in theater arts. Jim made very big impressions on everyone he would meet. Jim over the summer retuned to California where his parents and siblings were living since Jim left for college. He fought with his parents that summer beca use he wanted to live with them but they didn’t want him to but he did anyway and he enrolled in UCLA. He began to take classes in filming and directing, there thinking it would be something he wanted to do. In fact Jim began involved more into the â€Å"party scene† than his studies, he got a D on his  first film and it crushed his dreams of begin a filmmaker. During this time he began to write various poems that would become The Lords and New Creatures book. During one of his random parties he met a musician named Ray Manzarek, a man in a jazz band that Jim liked. Jim told everyone he knew he was going to New York after college to be a poet, after college barely graduating Jim didn’t know what to do. Many nights he would spend his night sleeping on rooftops and the beach in California. One day in the august after school got out Ray ran into his friend Jim Morrison and asked him what he’s been doing, Jim said he was writing. Ray asks him to read or sing something he’s written Jim sings off key the song â€Å"moonlight drive† a popular Doorsâ€℠¢ song, that would in fact make them famous but they didn’t know that yet. Ray immediately asks Jim if he wanted to start a band with him, Jim agrees. They begin to start this new band with Ray’s two brothers; they name the band The Doors after the book The Doors of Perception. Often very nervous on stage Jim just stood there and didn’t sing very well. After they thought the band wasn’t going anywhere rays brothers lefthe band. Ray and Jim met john Densmore, a drummer Who’s off beat style intrigued Jim and Ray, and then they met Robby Krieger a guitarist in a jazz band at the time, they immediately asked him to join the band. They lacked a bassist but when they had practiced Ray and Jim decided they didn’t need one. They began to play shows and Jims stage freight began to go away faster and faster. They released a demo with 4 songs on a 45-rpm. They began to become known as part of the California scene, along with the grateful dead and Jefferson airplane. They began to be a house band for the whisky A-go-go, a popular nightclub. They also were signed to Columbia records, although they would never released anything on that label. One night when the doors were playing at the whisky Jim began to sing something he wrote that shocked many people in that building. In the song â€Å"the end† a song about the end of a relationship, Jim whispered † Father, yes son. I wanna kill you mother I wanna â€Å"ck you.† source 1, page 70. The doors were immediately fired from the whisky but a reporter wrote about it in the local paper and people were buzzing about the performance for weeks. Columbia records had dropped the band; The Doors thought this was the end for them. In fact it was the only the beginning. The Doors were signed to Electra records, two weeks after Columbia had dropped them. The Doors began recording their first album with  producer Paul Rothchild but many songs were left on the cutting board because they were not needed. Jim never wore shoes when he was recording; the studio was always lit in candles. They recorded their first album The Doors in two weeks. Never knowing it would be a complete success and put them into the media spotlight. After The Doors album was relased it had critical success and the fans were buying it, Jim was instantly a sex symbol. Their first single â€Å"Light My Fire† hit number 1, though it was 6 minutes long. The doors had become popular, after a year of touring and publicity, once appearing on the Ed Sullivan show, but not invited back because Jim sang a line he agreed he wouldn’t sing before they went on. They began to record their second album Strange Days, this album would become another hit. Touring had become a big part of Jim met a girl name Pam Zuribca also became a part of his life; he met Pam after a show. They began a long-term relationship. She once said once that Jim was her soul mate. The Doors began to record their third album Waiting For the Sun, Jim began to capture more of his personal side as he called himself â€Å"The Lizard King’, the album did increasingly well again even thought the album was hard to understand but the fans still bought the records then they released The Soft Parade. Often drunk or high Jim on stage would fall or stumble he had slurred speech or wouldn’t sing their popular songs. One night John said he was fed up with the band and said he was quitting but then showed up for practice the next day. The Doors were getting the reputation of an extremely rowdy band that couldn’t be controlled sometimes. Some of the doors fans were teenyboppers who just didn’t get the music they just knew they wanted Jim. Frustrated Jim said he was leaving the band; ray talked him into staying another six months. Jim had always wanted to be a poet he got to live out that fantasy by publishing a book called The Lords and New Creature Poems, which was originally started in high school. As Jim Morrison began to slip deeper and deeper into drugs and alcohol, the band continued to soar â€Å"touch me† a song from the soft parade reached number one in the untied states. In 1969 the doors went into the studio to record Morrison hotel, often very stoned Jim usually didn’t know what he was singing, The Doors and their producer Paul Rothchild got more and more fed up with the band, eventually leaving. Jim’s appearance had changed drastically, he was no  longer the tall thin sex symbol he was a fat guy with a beard, this scared away The Doors’ teenybopper fans. With this tour there would become a disaster Jim often was too drunk to even sing falling on stage like a clown. One night in Miami Jim in a drunken rage continued to say the f word on stage when a police officer threatened him he would go to jail if he used it again. Jim began to ask the audience if they would like to see his penis, the crowd went wild. There was a flash some say he flashed others say he didn’t. Jim was taken into police custody; The Doors were now banned in 6 states. Jim was arranged in October 1970, on the counts of lewd behavior, indecent exposure, public drunkenness, and open profanity, this was a media event, and Jim was proven guilty on all counts. He wasn’t going to be sentenced till the spring of 1971. The doors still released one more album with Jim Morrison L.a. Woman; the album came out in the summer of 1970. Jim said he was quitting The Doors and fled to Paris with Pam, Pam and Jim were never married though. He became exiled, lost weight and shaved his beard. These not known to him would be his last days. Though many people still don’t know if Jim Morrison really died of a heart attack on July 3, 1971 because only one doctor and Pam actually saw his body there was no autopsy. Could Jim still be alive, to escape his future jail time, or did he really die that day in a bathtub of a heart attack. Shortly after Jim died Pam died also of a heroin overdose. Jim has truly been missed, even though his music remains extremely influential today. His music and poetry will live on forever.

Maintaining Systems - An Investigation into An Air Crash - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1310 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Transport Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? maintaining systems Introduction In this study I have decided to look at the Air Crash Investigation, Airbus A380 Titanic In The Sky (Qantas 32). This incident happened vary recently in 2014. The plane that I am looking at is considered to be one of the biggest commercial aircrafts in the world carrying up to 525 passengers at the time In this report I will be going through the issues that this monumental aeroplane went through. I will be investigating what caused the damage to the aircraft and also how it could have been prevented. How often do faults happen? On an aeroplane so big, and in trust of so many lives there is very small room for faults to happen. Saying this there are always little problems that can occur but are can never be fatal. During one of the flights landings it experience problems with the hydraulic brake lines causing the plane to brake slower than usual. Luckily this was not a problem as the runway was long enough. After t his incident all of the planes hydraulic lines were checked and replaced if deemed to be faulty. Another incident would have been the steering when taking off. This was caused by one of the sensors on the aircraft to be too sensitive, not giving the pilot enough steering capacity. Although this was a problem on take-off, when it came to landing the fault was fixed during flight by re programming the sensor. These two faults that were recorded were quickly dealt with and therefor had no impact on the safety and integrity of the aeroplane. There was a problem that cause a lot of media attention due to the severity of the incident. This was a malfunction in one of the 4 Rolls Royce engines, each can deliver 72,000 pounds of thrust, during a flight from London to Sydney Australia. What went wrong? To start off, during the long flight a problem occurred with the 2nd engine on the left wing. After a detailed investigation it was confirmed that the problem was down to an oil pi pe. The pipe broke in two causing the oil to lubricate the turbine, this then caused them to move faster. This created a lot of friction resulting in an oil fire. How the investigators know this The evidence was back tracked using certain methods. First of all they collected all the debry to find the initial cause of the malfunction. Immediately the indecent was all over the news and through this the company was able to locate all the engine parts that were scatterd around. Through analysing the parts they found a dark soot on the side walls of the engine. Later tests revealed that this was an oil based fire. Now they had to find out what the fire caused. As the fire progressed it got too hot for any preventions to work with what soon followed. The heat of this fire was over 1000 degrees Celsius, far more than what the product was intended to deal with. This is due to certain tolerances that land rover follow. (they should now increase the tolerances their materials can hav e) They decide what the worst case scenario that could happen and built the design around that. It was never thought that the flames would get so hot so this caused a main part of the engine to fail. Through measuring a plate of very dense nickel, they found that it had expanded through the forces acting on it. This was due to the heat created allowing the turbine to move faster than sound itself. Due to the forces acting on the plate, it expanded until breaking point. Where it then exploded at an infinite force cutting through anything in its way. These fragments went through main operating lines throughout the wing causing even more problems. While this was all happening the pilots on board the aircraft were flooded with error after error. There is a system in place which allows the pilots to see and act on the faults. This is called the Ecam, which has feedback from over 250,000 sensors on board the aircraft. During normal training pilots only go through about 5 faults at a time, but on this incident the pilots had to go through 58 faults. These faults were due to fragments cutting though hydraulic and electrical connecters. This meant that they had little to no control over the left wing putting so many lives in danger. Now the investigators went back to the initial cause to see how the oil pipe broke. This was due to a very simple manufacturing fault when the pipe was made. It turns out that one side of the pipe was only 0.35mm thick (about the thickness of a couple pieces of paper)and it should have been 2mm thick. Due to vibration the oil pipe broke causing major damage to the aircraft. A picture of this is shown on the right. Once the Plane was landed they found that engine 1 was still running. They turned it off by the switch but nothing happened. All the electric to the engine had be seethed, therefor having no control of it. The passengers were not aloud of the plane as the engine was still running. The fire department had to flood th e engines with fire retardant foam to stop the engine. This took just under 3 hours. The consequences of this fault could have been fatal if it werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t for the flight team. After this incident all aeroplanes with this engine were put on hold to ensure the problem didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happen again. This was a serious problem as there were 20 planes that were now out of service. A program was devised to check the thickness of the faulty oil pipes. All 80 engines were surveyed after this incident and the company found the there were 34 other engines with this very fault. They were taken out of use. Was it maintained? Research suggests that this part of the engine was not checked as it is a fault thought to be impossible. As they found this was not the case. If they had done a better check they would have found this fault before the planes were allowed to fly. Now there are serious implications on weather Rolls Royce are responsible enough to check the en gine components in high detail before they are sent to the aircraft manufacturer. Maintenance schedule? Prior to this event the aircrafts were to be checked every 2 years, this seems like a time scale that is too far apart due to the amount of lives it is trusted to protect. The company now checks the aircrafts on how many miles they fly so that they have a very high chance of preventing any risks. These maintenance tasks can take months to complete costing the company millions of pound but as they see it. At least the passengers will be safe from harm. Who should do repairs? Only people who are qualified to do repairs are allowed to. This is mainly the supplier of the parts as it is souly their responsibility. To reduce safety Risks Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will only insure a product if they are the ones that maintain them. Otherwise if a problem does occurs and it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t down to them. It could still affect the company and lead to fines Conclusion The overall fault that cause this was the pipe being manufactured incorrectly, causeing the engine to explode and create a series of events that the pilots were lucky to avoid. In future more care is to be tacken during production and better systems have now been put in place to check the quality of the product. If the product is not adequate to do the job then it will not be used Sources https://www.flightglobal.com/page/A380-In-Service-Report/Airbus-A380-In-Service-Technical-issues/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xnTTjEkdD0 16/10/2014 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Maintaining Systems An Investigation into An Air Crash" essay for you Create order

Who Are the Hazara

The Hazara are an Afghan ethnic minority group of mixed Persian, Mongolian, and Turkic ancestry.  Persistant rumors hold that they are descended from Genghis Khans army, members of which mixed with the local Persian and Turkic people.  They may be remnants of the troops that carried out the Siege of Bamiyan in 1221. However, the very first mention of them in the historic record doesnt come until the writings of Babur (1483-1530), the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.  Babur notes in his  Baburnama  that as soon as his army left Kabul, Afghanistan the Hazaras started raiding his lands. The Hazaras dialect is part of the Persian branch of the Indo-European linguistic family.  Hazaragi, as it is called, is a dialect of Dari, one of Afghanistans two largest languages, and the two are mutually intelligible.  However, Hazaragi includes a large number of Mongolian loanwords, which provides support for the theory that they have Mongol ancestors.  In fact, as recently as the 1970s, some 3,000 Hazara in the area around Herat spoke a Mongolic dialect called Moghol.  The Moghol language historically is associated with a rebel faction of Mongol soldiers who broke off from the Il-Khanate. In terms of religion, most Hazara are members of the Shia Muslim faith, particularly from the Twelver sect, although some are Ismailis. Scholars believe that the Hazara converted to Shiism in the time of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, likely during the early 16th century.  Unfortunately, since most other Afghans are Sunni  Muslims, the Hazara have been persecuted and discriminated against for centuries.   The Hazara backed the wrong candidate in a succession struggle in the late 19th century, and ended up rebelling against the new government.  Three revolts over the last 15 years of the century ended with as many as 65% of the Hazara population being either massacred or displaced to Pakistan or Iran.  Documents from that period note that the Afghan governments army made pyramids out of human heads after some of the massacres, as a form of warning to the remaining Hazara rebels. This would not be the last brutal and bloody government repression of the Hazara. During  Taliban  rule over the country (1996-2001), the government specifically targeted Hazara people for persecution and even genocide.  The Taliban and other radical Sunni Islamists believe that Shia are not true Muslims, that instead they are heretics, and thus that it is appropriate to try to wipe them out.   The word Hazara comes from the Persian word hazar, or thousand. The Mongol army operated in units of 1,000 warriors, so this name lends additional credence to the idea that the Hazara are descended from the warriors of the Mongol Empire. Today, there are almost 3 million Hazara in Afghanistan, where they form the third largest ethnic group after the Pashtun and the Tajiks.  There are also around 1.5 million Hazara in Pakistan, mostly in the area around Quetta, Balochistan, as well as around 135,000 in Iran.

The Epic Poem, The Iliad by Homer - 879 Words

Homer’s epic poem, The Iliad, is about the battles and events during the Trojan War between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Mortality and Immortality is the main crucial distinction between humans and gods. That being said, another interesting thing about them is how similar they are to human beings. They make mistakes, become jealous, and get their feelings hurt unlike our modern conception of god as infinite, omniscient and omnibenevolent. The Iliad literature on the gods does not display such of what we perceive how a god should be nowadays. Throughout the literature, the gods and humans may have similarities, but the role of the gods reflects the relationship with humans. In the Iliad, the Gods seem to see the Human people as a game and toys, that they are not that important. When the war between Menelaus and Paris, the God’s was an audience from above wagering bets on who would win over Helen. The gods did not care a bit about them. Zeus and many other Gods â€Å"sat in council conferring across Olympus’ golden floor as noble Hebe poured them rounds of nectar. They lifted golden beakers pledging each other warmly, gazing down on Troy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Book Four, 1-4), The Gods watch the people of Troy fight for their lives as they gather a party. This is different from many cultures because if the Gods see something negative happen, they execute something to try to fix it instead of enjoying the people’s pain and suffering. At this point of The Iliad, the Gods that we have readShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Poem, The Iliad By Homer975 Words   |  4 Pages The epic poem, The Iliad by Homer tells a story of tragedy and love. Every book in the epic contains pieces of evidence that wrap the story together. The themes that occur in both Books are competition, pride, and hate. Deception, war, and assistance from the gods are important factors in both Books. Book 3 and Book 22 share common ideas, themes, and events; however there are differences within these Books. In both Book 3 and Book, 22 agreements between the gods and the mortalsRead MoreThe Epic Poem The Iliad By Homer911 Words   |  4 PagesIn the epic poem The Iliad by Homer it talks about the events that occurred in the Trojan War between the Greeks and the Trojans, and also about their warriors, kings, and other people. But there are really important characters that play an important role in this poem, and there are the Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Greece. The gods and goddesses role in this poem is of controlling the lives of the Trojans and Greeks, intervening in their fates and destinies daily for their own good, provokingRead MoreHomer s Epic Poems, The Iliad And The Odyssey1254 Words   |  6 Pagesknown about the Greek Poet Homer. Actually, there are many who believe that no such ‘Homer’ ever even existed in Ancient Greece. Nonetheless, it is agreed that Homer is one of the first writers that have shaped our culture immensely. Homer gives us a lo ok into what morals the Greeks followed and what their beliefs were. Homer shows us how the Greeks put these beliefs into action by presenting multiple struggles that our characters must go through. Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, are thousandsRead MoreHomer: The Most Famous Greek Poet751 Words   |  4 Pages Whether Homer was real or not, a group of people, a boy or a girl; one thing we are sure of is that â€Å"Homer† wrote two of the best epic poems. The Iliad, which was based on the tenth year of the Trojan War and the Odyssey, which was about a guy named Odysseus who goes on many adventures as he tried to get home to his son and his wife. From what we know Homer was the most famous of all Greek poets because of his written works, his legendary history, and his influential work. â€Å"Hateful toRead MoreEssay on The Mysterious Homer, Author of The Odyssey and The Iliad663 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mysterious Homer, Author of The Odyssey and The Iliad   A sketchy figure by the name of Homer is given credit for the two great epic poems of ancient Greece. The Odyssey and The Iliad influenced Greek culture, education, and morality. Little is known about Homer and many scholars question whether he existed at all. (Encarta) Some say two different unknown authors wrote the two poems. (Britannica) Others say that many oral poets were responsible for the finished products. (Britannica) In thisRead MoreHomer’S Two Tales, The Iliad And The Odyssey, Are Both1749 Words   |  7 PagesHomer’s two tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are both incredibly well known and widely taught across the world and at many different levels of education. Some call Homer the â€Å"greatest poet to ever live† and although this can be disputed his works truly speak for themselves and have braved the test of time quite well. This paper will cover who/whom Homer is as a person, or persons, and the time period of his writings, the truths versu s the dramatizations of the Iliad and Odyssey, how the author’sRead MoreExamples Of Glory And Glory In The Iliad1054 Words   |  5 PagesHaley Vinson English 271 December 4, 2017 Glory and Honor in Homer’s Iliad Thesis: Great honor comes with great responsibility. Glory should come with wisdom. Homer presents this idea in various ways. This theme is woven through The Iliad showing the foundation of dignified heroes and self-glorification. Introduction: I. Honor and glory A. Heroic actions B. God-like glory II. Social Status A. Greek Society B. Recognition and influences III. Mortality and immortality A. Glory afterRead MoreIliad Overview 1298 Words   |  6 PagesAn epic poem outlined by the Oxford English Dictionary says that its a â€Å"lengthy poem, usually one derived from ancient oral custom, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the historic previous of a rustic† The aim of the poems is to know the time of antiquity during which an epic poem depicts many things and readers can derive many causes from the poems. The Iliad of Homer, throughout which several things are, derived from the compilation of twenty-4 books, models theRead MoreThe Era Of Homer By Homer911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Era of Homer Although we cannot be sure of when Homer lived, we know he played a significant role in the formation of the literature of ancient Greece. Researchers believe that he probably lived somewhere around 8th century BC and was possibly one of the first literate authors. Other theories suggest that he only spoke his epics and they were put into writing by others. Homer’s stories show us the first glimpse of documented information of Greek myth and religion. Most important was theRead MoreEpic Heroism And Values Of The Iliad1030 Words   |  5 Pages DWC 101: Paper 1 November 1, 2017 Epic Heroism and Values of the Greek and Roman Culture The image of Achilles killing Hector and the image of Aeneas killing Turnus classify them as epic heroes. In the Greek epic poem the Iliad, Homer portrays Achilles as an enraged warrior fighting for revenge for a woman he loved. In the Roman epic poem the Aeneid, Virgil portrays Aeneas as fleeing the city of Troy to establish a new city. Achilles and Aeneas are epic heroes because they both show courage

Words Will Do Harm free essay sample

As kids, many of us played the simple word game of hangman. Though the game may seem harmless, it is important to realize that the game teaches us something about life; if player one says the wrong thing to player two, it’s game over. Bullies often use words to attack their victims. These words, when used incorrectly, often lead to devastating effects such as depression, anxiety, and other physical and mental problems. Every day, I am forced to sit by and listen to rumors about my closest friends grow. One of my friends, who has been nicknamed Morgan for privacy reasons, has the unfortunate tendency to get bullied. Instead of listening to these rumors, I speak to him about other things, not revolving around the rumors, to cheer him up. I defend him and quite often tell off anyone who shares a rumor about him. Morgan’s story is one of the thousands of stories told today about bullying. People often ask, â€Å"How can we stop bullying?† I believe the first things we need to do is learn about what causes it to begin with, what effects it has on our mental health, and what prolonged bullying causes in the long-run. Understanding bullying and its effects will get us one step closer to finding solutions and ending the problem. To begin, understanding why bullying occurs requires a basic knowledge of what causes it in the first place. Bullying is often caused by family issues, social issues, and personal history among other smaller categories. Family issues include having an abusive parent, a divorce in the house, inconsistent discipline, and living in an unsafe/unclean environment. Social issues are closer to personal, mental reasons for bullying. They include a desire for attention, jealousy, envy, and the lack of personal/social skills. Personal issues are often edged on by other factors such intimidating family issues or a mental illness. Personal history is things that have happened in life because of previous actions, including poor grades, health, or social rejection. I feel like Morgan’s bullies were caused by a mix of all three. I know some of these people on a friend level and know that they get poor grades, or they tend to get jealous. Sometimes, I may offer to help them with these proble ms, but they are often out of hand. In addition to personal history, another factor of bullying, its causes, and consequences can be narrowed down to the ever-changing topic of mental health. Bullying is often linked to mental health issues on both the bully side and the victim side. Bullies themselves often have a spurt of low self-esteem and feel the need to relieve their pain on someone else. The victims, however, tend to show signs of depression and anxiety as well as physical problems caused by mental illness, such as absence from school and sickness. Teens who commit suicide, otherwise known as bullycide when caused by a bully, often have depression prior to suicide. Overall, there are 100 attempts at suicide for every fatal attempt. Once, I was shocked to find a note left in my locker by Morgan, who explained how he ‘felt like a slave’ and ‘found no point to life’ One student had even offered payment to Morgan if he killed himself. Even though I knew I needed to report the incident, I didn’t because I feared that I would ruin our friendship. To elaborate, before humanity can stop bullying, it’s good to know why it should be stopped in the first place. Bullying causes different outcomes from case to case. However, some of the most common effects the victim may receive are lower self-esteem, paranoia, chronic mental illness, and a dislike for school. As mentioned earlier, bullycide is suicide caused by bullying. Victims of bullying are up to nine percent more likely to consider suicide than other students. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in teens and kills 4,400 deaths per year. Continuing Morgan’s story, I must admit that I believe he has had some long-term effects due to the bullying. He shows strong emotion and has dark thoughts, similar to an experience I once had. I sometimes fear for his safety as well as my own. It’s hard to tell if a day will come when a close friend kills themself, or when they will be pushed too far. Putting it briefly, it is important to know why bullying happens, what mental health has to do with it, and the effects of bullying in the long run so that we understand what a large problem it is. I think that the government needs to set up a better system for mental health screening and a system for bullying reports. Research shows that diagnosing mental disorders early leads to better outcomes (Mental Health Screening). This system shouldn’t just help the victims, but the bullies too! There should be easier, less complicated ways to report bullying that are thought of as top priority. We should also take mental health seriously. The system should be a safer, less intimidating way to test for mental illnesses on everyone. If a person is uncomfortable, they won’t open up about their feelings, their abuse, or their bullying. If a bully knows they will be kicked out of school, they will never go to find help for themselves. On a personal level, a bystander can stand up for those who are bullied around them. Perhaps if everyone invited an outcast to eat lunch with them, play sports, or work on an assignment could save a life from suicide. All in all, bullying isn’t an easy topic to discuss or conclude, but if everyone does their part, we might find a solution for this ever-changing state of mind.